Hugh Hefner, American founder of the international adult
magazine Playboy, has died at the age of 91.
Playboy Enterprises Inc said he passed away
peacefully at home in Los Angeles, from natural causes.
Hefner began publishing Playboy in his
kitchen in 1953. It became the largest-selling men's magazine in the world,
shifting seven million copies a month at its peak.
Cooper Hefner, his son, said he would be
"greatly missed by many".
He paid tribute to his father's
"exceptional and impactful life as a media and cultural pioneer," and
called him an advocate for free speech, civil rights and sexual freedom.
Hefner's trailblazing magazine helped make nudity more
acceptable in mainstream publications, despite emerging at a time when US
states could legally ban contraceptives.
It also made him a multi-millionaire,
spawning a business empire that included casinos and nightclubs.
The first edition featured a set of nude photographs of
Marilyn Monroe originally shot for a 1949 calendar that Hefner had bought for
$200.
The silk pyjama-clad mogul became famous for
his hedonism, dating and marrying Playboy models, and throwing decadent parties
at the luxurious Playboy mansion in Los Angeles.
Sexual revolutionary or dirty old man?
By James Cook, BBC Los Angeles Correspondent
Hugh Hefner - silk pyjamas and
all - was a character who divided America.
Was he really the godfather of
the sexual revolution, or just a dirty old man?
A louche purveyor of
corrupting smut, or an enlightened publisher of contemporary literature?
Feminists, and others, accused
him of reducing women to sexual objects - if not de facto prostitutes - at the
Playboy mansion.
But then there was also his
support for racial integration and gay rights, along with a hefty dollop of
great writing and agenda-setting interviews.
In short, he was a character
more complex than tabloid editors allowed.
And in terms of sexual mores
his early permissiveness - daring or shocking depending on your taste - now
seems, if not quite quaint, then certainly not unusual.
In that respect Hugh Hefner
was ahead of his time, for good or ill.
He claimed to have slept with
more than 1,000 women, and credited the impotence drug Viagra with maintaining
his libido.
"I am a kid in a candy
store," Hefner famously said. "I dreamed impossible dreams, and the
dreams turned out beyond anything I could possibly imagine. I'm the luckiest
cat on the planet."
From 2005-10, a reality TV
show called "The Girls Next Door" showcased Hefner's libertine
lifestyle - and the harem of young blonde women who shared it.
Friends of Hefner and former
Playboy models have been paying tribute to him.
Pamela Anderson, who appeared
on the cover of Playboy 15 times, said on Instagram: "You gave me my
life... I'm in such deep shock."
Civil rights figure Rev Jesse
Jackson tweeted: "Hugh Hefner was a strong supporter of the civil rights
movement. We shall never forget him."
In 2012, aged 86, Hefner married his third wife Crystal
Harris - who was 60 years his junior.
Though critics saw Playboy as a byword for
sleaze, its founder - who was born into a strict Methodist family - never
shared that view.
"I've never thought of Playboy quite
frankly as a sex magazine," Hefner told CNN in 2002. "I always
thought of it as a lifestyle magazine in which sex was one important
ingredient."
Hefner faced obscenity charges in 1963 for publishing and
distributing Playboy, but the jury was unable to reach a verdict.
Its huge sales were certainly driven by
glossy colour pictures of nude "playmates", but it also developed a reputation for fine writing,
with Norman Mailer, Kingsley Amis, Kurt Vonnegut, James Baldwin, Vladimir
Nabokov, Margaret Atwood and Ray Bradbury among its contributors.
Their contributions allowed men to say they
did not buy the magazine only for the pictures.
In the 1980s, competition from publications carrying more
explicit photos saw Playboy's circulation decline, and Hefner himself suffered
a stroke in 1985.
His daughter Christie took over Playboy
Enterprises four years later, and Hefner retreated to his mansion, living with
a bevy of women. Cooper Hefner took on a major role in the company in 2014
after Christie stepped down in 2009.
The magazine decided to scrap nudity in March
2016, but reversed its decision earlier this year.
A neighbour of Hefner's in August last year
bought the Playboy mansion for $100m, but agreed Hefner could continue to live
there until he died.
Born in 1926 in Chicago, Hefner served in the
US Army in the mid-1940s. He graduated with a degree in psychology and worked
as a copywriter for men's magazine Esquire before borrowing $8,000 to start
Playboy in 1953.
Hugh Hefner created a fantasy world for millions of men
but unlike most of his readers, actually got to live the dream.
He successfully tapped into a new generation
of Americans who were enjoying rising standards of living in the boom years of
the 1950s and 60s.
A political activist and philanthropist, he
produced not just a magazine, but a whole lifestyle.
And in Playboy's famous bow-tie-wearing
rabbit he launched one of the most recognised brands of the 20th Century.
Hugh Marston Hefner was born in Chicago on 9
April 1926, the son of two teachers with strong religious views.
After serving in the US Army as a writer, he graduated
with a degree in psychology before going to work as a copywriter for the men's
magazine, Esquire.
In 1953 he borrowed $8,000 to produce the
first issue of Playboy. Hefner was so worried that the magazine would not sell
that he left the date off the cover.
Photographs
His mother contributed $1,000. "Not
because she believed in the venture," Hefner later said, "but because
she believed in her son."
He'd originally planned to name the new
publication Stag Party, but changed his mind at the last minute.
"Can you imagine a chain of clubs
staffed by girls wearing antlers."
The first edition featured a set of nude photographs of
Marilyn Monroe that Hefner had bought for $200. They had originally been shot
for a 1949 calendar.
Whether by luck or judgement, Hefner's timing
was just right. The launch of Alfred Kinsey's reports on human sexual behaviour
challenged conventional beliefs about sexuality and raised subjects that, until
then, had been taboo.
Kinsey was the researcher," Hefner later
remarked, "I was the pamphleteer."
Rabbit
Middle-class American society in the 1950s
was notoriously strait-laced and the combination of tastefully photographed
women and intellectually stimulating articles appealed to the post-war urban
male.
"I never thought of it as a sex
magazine," Hefner later recalled. "I always thought of it as a
lifestyle magazine in which sex was one important ingredient."
It was an unqualified success, selling more
than 50,000 copies within weeks. Hefner had found a niche in the market for
men's publications, which was then dominated by hunting, shooting and fishing
periodicals.
The second issue saw the appearance of the
bow-tie-wearing rabbit, which was designed by the magazine's art director Art
Paul. It would appear on a host of products over the following decades.
In 1955 Hefner published a short story by the
writer Charles Beaumont, about straight men facing persecution in a world where
homosexuals were the majority.
Finest contemporary writing
In response to a flood of angry letters,
Hefner replied: "If it was wrong to persecute heterosexuals in a
homosexual society then the reverse is wrong too."
In later years he would become an advocate
for same-sex marriage describing it as "a fight for all our rights".
Hefner's editorial stance was in tune with
the changes in society as the magazine campaigned for liberal drugs laws and
the right to abortion.
For the next 20 years, Playboy dominated its market, with
circulation peaking at over seven million in the early 1970s, when a survey
suggested that a quarter of all male college students in America were buying
the magazine.
At the time it contained some of the finest
contemporary writing in the magazine market, with Saul Bellow, Arthur C Clarke,
Norman Mailer and Gore Vidal among the regular contributors.
Luxury and indulgence
The articles appeared sandwiched between the
obligatory photographs of beautiful women, although far more tastefully shot
than many of Playboy's more downmarket competitors.
The centre spread entitled Playmate of the
Month featured some famous names including Jayne Mansfield and Pamela Anderson,
while other celebrities, including Bo Derek, Kim Basinger, Farrah Fawcett and
Madonna, have been happy to pose for the magazine.
The photographs of Jayne Mansfield provoked
Hefner's arrest and a prosecution for obscenity in 1963 but the jury was unable
to reach a verdict.
Hefner set out to exploit the success of his magazine
with the opening of the first Playboy club in Chicago in 1960, which introduced
the Playboy bunny waitresses.
The relaxation of gaming laws in the UK
opened up another opportunity and Hefner opened three casinos in the UK. By
1981 they were contributing all of Playboy's worldwide profits.
At this time Hefner was living a life of
luxury and indulgence in his two Playboy mansions, accompanied by an
ever-changing cast of celebrities and pneumatic girlfriends, and shuttling
between them in his personalised DC9, the Big Bunny.
Sexually explicit
Hefner's fortunes went into a major decline
during the 1980s. The British authorities shut down the UK casinos following a
series of irregularities, effectively cutting Playboy's income.
A year later a casino in Atlantic City, New
Jersey, was closed after Hefner was judged by the state gaming board to be an
unsuitable person to hold a licence.
Playboy magazine too was failing as more sexually
explicit competitors competed for space on the newsstands and traditional
Playboy readers got older and moved on.
In a further personal blow Hefner suffered a
stroke in 1985 and four years later passed the daily control of Playboy
Enterprises to his daughter Christie.
In 1989, at the age of 63, Hefner married one
of his playmates, 27-year-old Kimberley Conrad. The marriage lasted for 10
years and produced two children.
Libertarian
The 90s saw a revival in Playboy's fortunes
as Christie Hefner took the company into new and more profitable areas
including cable TV.
Hefner, meanwhile, had - in his own words -
discovered Viagra, and spent his days in his mansion, dressed in silk pyjamas
and surrounded by a half-dozen or so live-in female companions.
In 2012 he married his third wife, Crystal Harris, when
he was 86 - 60 years older than his bride.
A libertarian by nature, Hefner's Playboy
Foundation continued to support freedom of expression and First Amendment
rights. He also donated large sums of money to the Democratic Party, including
Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign.
He was a keen supporter of conservation
organisations and, perhaps appropriately, had a species of rabbit, Sylvilagus palustris hefneri, named
in his honour.
In his later years Hugh Hefner was much
ridiculed as the elderly man who still surrounded himself with beautiful young
women.
But in Playboy he created a lifestyle which
was in tune with the aspirations of a large section of post-war American
society. The feminist Camille Paglia called him "one of the principal
architects of the social revolution".
"I am a kid in a candy store,"
Hefner famously said. "I dreamed impossible dreams, and the dreams turned
out beyond anything I could possibly imagine. I'm the luckiest cat on the
planet."
SEE PLAYBOY’S MOVING TRIBUTE TO ITS ICONIC FOUNDER, HUGH
HEFNER
There were no links or articles. Instead, the website paid tribute to
its larger-than-life founder with an oversized image of “Hef” and a single
quote that perhaps summed up his life better than any other:
Many people paid tribute mentioning Marilyn Monroe, who
famously appeared on the very first cover of the first issue of Playboy magazine in
December 1953.
However, a picture circulating on social media allegedly showing Hefner
lighting a cigarette for Monroe in 1957 is a fake:
LGBT
RIGHTS/ CIVIL RIGHTS : For Hugh Hefner, gay rights were part of the sexual
revolution
Hefner responded to the backlash to the ‘Crooked Man’
controversy in a defiant note. “If it was wrong to persecute heterosexuals in a
homosexual society,” he wrote, “then the reverse
was wrong, too.”
The move would serve to represent an early example of Hefner’s
lifelong commitment to gay rights, and civil rights in general. Hefner,
who died Wednesday at 91, prided himself as an advocate for the LGBT community,
taking public stands on high-profile issues such as sodomy laws, same-sex
marriage and transgender rights well into his later years.
HOLLYWOOD
REMEMBERS ‘LEGEND,’ ‘REVOLUTIONARY’ HUGH HEFNER
Hefner’s son, Cooper, released a statement after Playboy
announced his death.
“My father lived an exceptional and impactful life as a media and
cultural pioneer and a leading voice behind some of the most significant social
and cultural movements of our time in advocating free speech, civil rights and
sexual freedom,” he said. “He defined a lifestyle and ethos that lie at the
heart of the Playboy brand, one of the most recognizable and enduring in
history.He will be greatly missed by many, including his wife Crystal, my
sister Christie and my brothers David and Marston, and all of us at Playboy
Enterprises.”
In addition to releasing a statement to media outlets, Playboy wrote on
Twitter, “American Icon and Playboy Founder, Hugh M. Hefner passed away today.
He was 91. #RIPHef.” Reverend Jesse Jackson Sr. lauded his social advocacy, writing, "Hugh Hefner was a strong supporter of the civil rights movement. We shall never forget him. May he REST IN PEACE."
HUGH HEFNER'S MOST ICONIC PLAYBOY FRONT COVERS IN PICTURES
Sampha - Process full album
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLxKHVMqMZqURbZoR6byhG6sSL84FJ2GbF
Sampha - Blood on Me (Official Video) https://youtu.be/_oM1DFL43Lk
The artist, full name Sampha Sisay, won the Hyundai Mercury prize for his critically acclaimed debut
album Process. At the ceremony, Sampha performed, to silence then
wild cheers (No One Knows Me) Like the Piano, which, for emotional types,
was one of the most heartbreaking and beautiful singles of the year.
Afterwards, he said it was an amazing feeling to win.
“It’s taken me quite a while to feel like I was emotionally stable enough to
write my own record and people have just been incredibly lovely and
understanding … it feels like a weight off my shoulders.”
But it has taken some time for the 28-year-old to blossom
into a notable recording artist in his own right, with an album
heavily influenced by the death of his mother from cancer and fears for his own
health.
Sampha was one of five south London artists
nominated for this year’s prize and is probably the most unassuming of all the
nominees. Asked what he would do with the prize money he gave the most
un-rock‘n‘roll answer it’s possible to give.
“Put it away? Save it up? Saving is always good.” How
would he celebrate? “I just want to see my family and friends, have a couple of
drinks.”
He said artists always struggled with self-esteem, so to
win the Mercury “definitely does give you a boost”.
Sampha had been among the bookmakers’ favourites to win,
up against artists including Kate Tempest, Stormzy, and Ed Sheeran who, with the best will in the world, no one
expected to pick up the prize. Another debutant, J Hus, had been heavily tipped too.
The actor Idris Elba gave Sampha his £25,000 prize at a
ceremony with performances from the shortlisted artists at the Eventim Apollo
in Hammersmith, London.
The long time favourite to win had been Tempest for her
angry, melodic, state-of-the-nation album Let Them Eat Chaos. But it was not
to be and Sampha’s victory continues the run of men winning the album award.
Since PJ Harvey won her second Mercury prize
in 2011, the only artist to win two, it has been won by Alt-J, James Blake,
Young Fathers, Benjamin Clementine and last year, Skepta.
Alt-J were
again nominated, for their album Relaxer, although it’s fair to say they did not hold out much
hope of repeating the win.
Singer Joe Newman admitted before the ceremony that even
his family were not optimistic. “My sister has put a bet on J Hus, which is
reassuring,” he said.
If they were to win they would give the money to the
mental health charity Mind, but they did not expect it. “There are a lot of
great acts here and we’re just happy to be part of it really.”
There was similar pessimism among the four former Oxford
schoolfriends who make up Glass Animals, although at least singer Dave Bayley’s
mum had put a bet on them winning – £5 at odds of 33-1, which was before a late
flurry of betting propelled them to a price of 11/4.
Drummer Joe Seaward said: “It is very nice to be asked at
all, I don’t think we’ve got that far down the road of thinking about winning.
We’ve got a song to play.”
They were looking forward to the evening and then a 7am
flight on Friday to the US to begin their tour.
The prize is decided on the night by a panel of judges
who this year consisted of musicians Ella Eyre, Jamie Cullum, Marcus Mumford
and Lianne La Havas, the Guardian’s deputy music editor Harriet Gibsone, DJ
MistaJam, critic Will Hodgkinson, Mojo and Q magazine editor-in-chief Phil
Alexander, the head of music at Radio X, Mike Walsh, and the head of music at
BBC 6Music and Radio 2, Jeff Smith.
How their discussions went will no doubt emerge, although
Mumford gave a glimpse into the shortlist meeting, telling the BBC: “We were
only allowed to talk about positive things. So I shut up quite a lot.”
Last year the judging panel were split between giving the
award posthumously to David Bowie, or to Skepta for his album Konnichiwa.
Whatever the merits of deciding the best
album from such a diverse range of genres – jazz, folk, grime, indie rock,
although as yet no death metal in the prize’s history – one thing is certain.
It dramatically boosts sales.
In the case of jazz, trumpet-led Dinosaur, they rose by
more than 38%, according to an analysis of Official Charts Company data. The
average increase across the 12 albums was 15% in the six weeks between the
shortlist announcement and last Friday’s chart.
The prize began in 1992, won by Primal Scream for
Screamadelica. Since then it has been won by bands including Pulp, Gomez,
Arctic Monkeys, Elbow, and solo artists including Talvin Singh, Ms Dynamite and
Dizzee Rascal.
The culture secretary Karen Bradley said the Mercury prize reinforced the UK’s claim “to be the most
exciting place for music in the world”.
She added: “Britain’s vibrant music scene contributes
billions towards our economy, but it is also deeply engrained in our cultural
DNA and loved by millions of people.”
